Crawford Flexichrome 1940–1942, after 1949 Kodak Flexichrome

1940

|

Jack Crawford, Crawford Flexichrome Company (Eastman Kodak Company)

Subtractive 3 color: hybrid dye imbibition process, still photography and film

“In the 1940s a product called Crawford Flexichrome appeared on the market. It allowed photographers to obtain prints or transparencies in full color by simply applying dyes of various colors by hand to a gelatin relief image. Results obtained ...

Access detailed information ›

Pénichon, Sylvie (2013): Twentieth Century Colour Photographs. The Complete Guide to Processes, Identification & Preservation. London, Los Angeles: Thames & Hudson, p. 145.

1 Image

British Tricolour / Dufaychrome

1946

|

Jack Coote (Dufay-Chromex Ltd.)

Subtractive 3 color: Beam-splitter, three-strip, multiple printing

Access detailed information ›

Source: Cornwell-Clyne, Adrian (1951): Colour Cinematography. London: Chapman & Hall.
Credit: Illustration by Sarah Steinbacher, Multimedia & E-Learning-Services, University of Zurich. Source: Cornwell-Clyne, Adrian (1951): Colour Cinematography. London: Chapman & Hall.
Credit: Illustration by Sarah Steinbacher, Multimedia & E-Learning-Services, University of Zurich. Source: Cornwell-Clyne, Adrian (1951): Colour Cinematography. London: Chapman & Hall.
Credit: Illustration by Sarah Steinbacher, Multimedia & E-Learning-Services, University of Zurich. Source: Cornwell-Clyne, Adrian (1951): Colour Cinematography. London: Chapman & Hall.
Credit: Illustration by Sarah Steinbacher, Multimedia & E-Learning-Services, University of Zurich. Source: Cornwell-Clyne, Adrian (1951): Colour Cinematography. London: Chapman & Hall.
Coote, Jack (1948): New Three-Color Camera, In: Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers, vol. 50, June 1948, pp. 543-553.
Coote, Jack (1948): New Three-Color Camera, In: Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers, vol. 50, June 1948, pp. 543-553.

19 Images in 3 Galleries

Harriscolor

1929

|

J.B. Harris, Jr.

Subtractive 2 color: Beam-splitter, single-coated

“Harriscolor In this method as in other methods of color photography, independent color value negatives are first obtained. The Harriscolor process can employ one of the following two methods: Either a camera wherein the dividing light prisms ...

Access detailed information ›

Credit: Technicolor Collection. George Eastman House Moving Image Department. Photograph by Barbara Flueckiger.
Credit: Technicolor Collection. George Eastman House Moving Image Department. Photograph by Barbara Flueckiger.
Credit: Technicolor Collection. George Eastman House Moving Image Department. Photograph by Barbara Flueckiger.

3 Images

Triadochrome

1921

|

J. F. Shepherd

Subtractive 3 color: dye mordanting and silver toning process, still photography

“After the war, in 1921, J. F. Shepherd introduced in England a printing method called the Triadochrome Color Process, which was very similar to Hamburger’s Polychromide. To make a print, a cyan impression obtained from an iron-toned ...

Access detailed information ›

Ilford Colour Print

1953

|

Ilford Limited of London

Subtractive 3 color: dye destruction process, silver dye-bleach, still photography

“In November 1953 Ilford Limited of London launched a mail-order service to supply color prints from 35mm transparencies using Ilford Colour Print, a silver dye-bleach printing material on white-pigmented cellulose triacetate support (Fig. ...

Access detailed information ›

Pénichon, Sylvie (2013): Twentieth Century Colour Photographs. The Complete Guide to Processes, Identification & Preservation. London, Los Angeles: Thames & Hudson, p. 215.

1 Image

Raylo

ca. 1922

|

Hiram Codd Joseph Deeks (American Raylo Corporation)

Subtractive 3 color: pigment process, still photography

“Raylo was a material developed by Hiram Codd Joseph Deeks (1880−1952) of the American Raylo Corporation, New York. It was introduced in 1922 for a printing service for users of the Raylo Camera, a one-shot camera that made three negatives ...

Access detailed information ›

Pénichon, Sylvie (2013): Twentieth Century Colour Photographs. The Complete Guide to Processes, Identification & Preservation. London, Los Angeles: Thames & Hudson, p. 87.

1 Image

Orthochromatic stock

1873

|

Hermann Wilhelm Vogel

b/w photography: orthochromatic b/w stock, still photography

“In 1873 Dr Vogel discovered that by adding dyes to the sensitive material, its sensitivity could be extended, so that it would record green as well as blue. The new ‘orthochromatic’ plates were available commercially from 1882. The ...

Access detailed information ›

„Film orthochromatique (film négatif Pathé Standard)“ (orthochromatic stock). Source: Didiée, L. (1926): Le Film vierge Pathé. Manuel de développement et de tirage. Paris: Pathé.
„Film ordinaire (non orthochromatique)“ (Normal, non-orthochromatic stock). Source: Didiée, L. (1926): Le Film vierge Pathé. Manuel de développement et de tirage. Paris: Pathé.

2 Images

Sensitizing theory

1885

|

Hermann Wilhelm Vogel

Color theory

“Dr. H. W. Vogel, the discoverer of colour sensitizers, made three-colour photography possible, and has been the first to recognise the relation between colour sensitiveness of plate and printing colour in the following principle made known in ...

Access detailed information ›

Isensee

1897

|

Hermann Isensee

Additive 3 color: Rotary filter

“The first patent that has been found was granted to H. Isensee and he placed in front of the lens, both in taking and projection, a rotary shutter with three 120 degrees sectors in the usual colors.” (Wall, E.J. (1925): The History of ...

Access detailed information ›

Source: D.R.P. 98,799, Dec. 17, 1897
Credit: Illustration by Sarah Steinbacher, Multimedia & E-Learning-Services, University of Zurich. Source: D.R.P. 98,799, Dec. 17, 1897

2 Images

Technicolor No. I

1916

|

Herbert Kalmus, Daniel Frost Comstock and William Burton Westcott (Technicolor)

Additive 2 color: Beam-splitter

During the capturing of the film a beam-splitter in combination with filters in the camera divided the incoming light into a red and a green separation negative on black-and-white stock. When projected in the cinema the two images were combined simultaneously by additive mixture through corresponding red and green filters into one picture consisting of red and green colored light. The reduction of the whole color range to two colors (and their additive combinations) was necessary because of the complex optical arrangement.

Access detailed information ›

The beam-splitter prism. Source: Coote, Jack H. (1993): The Illustrated History of Colour Photography. Surbiton, Surrey: Fountain Press.

6 Images in 1 Gallery

Urban-Joy Process, improvement of Kinemacolor, later called Kinekrom

1916

|

Henry W. Joy (Urban)

Additive 2 color: Rotary filter

“In the design of apparatus Urban was assisted after 1905 by Henry W. Joy. The Urban-Joy perforator appeared in 1906. The Urban-Joy anti-firing device, a shutter to prevent the firing of inflammable film when projectors broke down, was another ...

Access detailed information ›

Rotocolor

1931

|

Harold Muller

Additive 2 color: Rotary filter

“The Rotocolor process was an additive system for color cinematography. The process was announced in 1931 by H. Muller. According to an article in Film Daily, April 12, 1931, and The Motion Picture Herald, April 11, 1931, the process consisted of ...

Access detailed information ›

Carbro-Chromatone

1937

|

Harlan L. Baumbach

Subtractive 3 color: pigment process, still photography

“References to Carbro-Chromatone prints are sometimes found in the literature on early color photography. These prints were made using a combination of the two processes they were named after. The method was described by Harlan L. Baumbach in ...

Access detailed information ›

Chromart Simplex

1950

|

Hans von Fraunhofer (Anglo-American Colour Photographic Industries)

Subtractive 2 color: Chromogenic monopack

Access detailed information ›

Chromart Tricolor

1950

|

Hans von Fraunhofer (Anglo-American Colour Photographic Industries)

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Access detailed information ›

Autotype Trichrome Carbro

1921

|

H. F. Farmer, Autotype Company

Subtractive 3 color: pigment process, still photography

“As in previous versions of the process, pigment papers were soaked in a sensitizing bath and then squeegeed firmly onto the surface of wet bromide prints to harden the pigmented gelatin in proportion to the amount of silver contained in the ...

Access detailed information ›

Source: Pénichon, Sylvie (2013): Twentieth Century Colour Photographs. The Complete Guide to Processes, Identification & Preservation. London, Los Angeles: Thames & Hudson, p. 103.

1 Image

Gualtierotti or Cicona e Gualtierotti

1930

|

Gualtiero Gualtierotti, Società Cicona

|

Italy

Additive two-color: optical system, filters, 64mm negative.

Unlike other additive systems invented in previous years, Gualtierotti tried to avoid the phenomenon of chromatic aberration inherent in the use of multiple lenses or the creation of successive separation records. The proposed solution was based on ...

Access detailed information ›

Rotating filters permitting to adjust tonality and intensity of the colors. Source: Pierotti, Federico (2016): Un'archeologia del colore nel cinema italiano. Dal Technicolor ad Antonioni. Pisa: Edizioni ETS, p. 62

1 Image

Agfacolor lenticular / Agfacolor Linsenrasterfilm

1932

|

Gerd Heymer and John Eggert (IG Farbenindustrie, Agfa, Berlin, Filmfabrik Wolfen)

Additive 3 color: Lenticular screen

The basic idea of the lenticular film was developed by the German Raphaël Liesegang in 1896 and applied to still photography by the French Rodolphe Berthon in 1908. The lenticular process applies tiny cylindrical lenses embossed on the film support ...

Access detailed information ›

Color reconstruction. Credit: Gisela Harich-Hamburger, Diplomrestauratorin (FH).
Source: Heymer, Gerd (1933): Auflösungsvermögen und Farbwiedergabe in der Farbrasterphotographie. In: Veröffentlichungen des wissenschaftlichen Zentral-Laboratoriums der photographischen Abteilung Agfa, 3, 1933, pp. 188-207.
Source: Weil, F. (1933): The Optical-Photographic Principles of the Agfacolor Process. In: Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers, 20, (April, 1933), No. 4, p. 301-308.
Both the Kodak and Agfa lenticular processes required the correct banded filter to be used with each different batch of panchromatic film. These two filters were for different batches of Agfacolor used in a Leica camera.. Source: Coote, Jack H. (1993): The Illustrated History of Colour Photography. Surbiton, Surrey: Fountain Press.
Credit: Illustration by Sarah Steinbacher, Multimedia & E-Learning-Services, University of Zurich. Source: Ede, François (1994): Jour de fête ou la couleur retrouvée. Cahiers du Cinéma: Paris.
Principle of capturing and projecting lenticular film. Credit: Joakim Reuteler and Rudolf Gschwind, Digital Humanities Lab, University of Basel, Switzerland. Illustration by Sarah Steinbacher, Multimedia & E-Learning-Services, University of Zurich.
Principle of capturing and projecting lenticular film. Credit: Joakim Reuteler and Rudolf Gschwind, Digital Humanities Lab, University of Basel, Switzerland. Illustration by Sarah Steinbacher, Multimedia & E-Learning-Services, University of Zurich.
Principle of capturing and projecting lenticular film. Credit: Joakim Reuteler and Rudolf Gschwind, Digital Humanities Lab, University of Basel, Switzerland. Illustration by Sarah Steinbacher, Multimedia & E-Learning-Services, University of Zurich.
Magnification 5x, front. Credit: photomicrograph by Silvana Konermann.
Magnification 10x, back. Credit: photomicrograph by Silvana Konermann.
Magnification 20x, front. Credit: photomicrograph by Silvana Konermann.
Reflection on Agfacolor lenticular film. Source: Eggert, John (1932): Kurzer Überblick über den Stand der Farbenkinematographie. In: Bericht über den VIII. Internationalen Kongress für wissenschaftliche und angewandte Photographie, Dresden 1931, pp. 214-222. Leipzig: J. A. Barth.
Reconstruction of lenticular film by Joakim Reuteler and Rudolf Gschwind, Digital Humanities Lab, University of Basel, Switzerland in the framework of their research project doLCE
Agfacolor Lenticular sample from the Kodak Film Samples Collection at the National Science and Media Museum in Bradford. Credit: National Science and Media Museum Bradford. Photographs by Barbara Flueckiger in collaboration with Noemi Daugaard.
Analog reconstruction by Giorgio Trumpy, ERC Advanced Grant FilmColors

15 Images

Belcolor

ca. 1935

|

George Murphy

Subtractive 3 color: pigment process, still photography

“Introduced in the mid-1930s by George Murphy, Inc., of New York City, Belcolor was considered one of the simplest ways to obtain color transparencies, as it required no special equipment or expert technique and could be used successfully ...

Access detailed information ›

Hirlicolor

1936

|

George Hirlimann

Subtractive 2 color: Bi-pack

Access detailed information ›

Credit: Geo. Willeman, Nitrate Film Vault Manager, Library of Congress. Film: Captain Calamity (1936)
Credit: Geo. Willeman, Nitrate Film Vault Manager, Library of Congress. Film: Captain Calamity (1936)

2 Images

Kinemacolor

1908

|

George Albert Smith and Charles Urban (The Natural Color Kinematograph Company Ltd.)

|

Great Britain

Additive 2 color: Rotary filter

Kinemacolor was an additive process operated with alternating red and green filters that were applied to the shutter in front of the camera and in front of the projector. With at least 32 fps the frame rate was double the minimal frame rate of 16 fps. Time parallax with small differences between the red and green record resulted in color fringes that became visible when objects or scenes were moving.

Access detailed information ›

Kinemacolor projector used for David Cleveland's and Brian Pritchard's reconstruction. Credit: Brian Pritchard.

13 Images in 3 Galleries

Predecessor of Kinemacolor

1906

|

George Albert Smith

Additive 2 color: Rotary filter

“Then we come upon the name of George Albert Smith, F.R.A.S., of Laboratory Lodge, Roman Crescent, Southwick, Brighton, who in E.P. 26,671, of 1906, patented the method which eventually was commercialized as Kinemacolor. In this patent he ...

Access detailed information ›

Paget Color Screen

1913

|

Geoffrey S. Whitefield (Paget Prize Plate Company of Watford, England)

Additive 3 color: regular mosaic screen, separate system, still photography

“Paget Color Screen (1913–ca. 1922): lines of red and blue squares alternated with lines of green and blue squares (Fig. 2.52). The lines are at a 45-degree angle from the edge of the plate. The side of the red and green squares measures ...

Access detailed information ›

Pénichon, Sylvie (2013): Twentieth Century Colour Photographs. The Complete Guide to Processes, Identification & Preservation. London, Los Angeles: Thames & Hudson, p. 69.

1 Image

3M Posi-Tone

1965

|

Gasparcolor, 3M Company

Subtractive 3 color: dye destruction process, silver dye-bleach, still photography

“In 1956, after the failure of the French venture, Gaspar resumed his own production of printing materials and chemicals (Koshofer 1981a). In the late 1950s he entered into an agreement with 3M Company of St. Paul, Minnesota, to explore the ...

Access detailed information ›

Lippmann

1891

|

Gabriel Lippmann

Direct color photography: interference, still photography

“In 1891, Professor Gabriel Lippmann demonstrated to the French Académie des Sciences interference colour photographs of the spectrum and of stained glass windows, taken by a modification of Wiener’s method. An exceedingly fine grained, ...

Access detailed information ›

Source: Coe, Brian (1978): Colour Photography. The First Hundred Years 1840-1940. London: Ash & Grant.
Source: Lavédrine, Bertrand (2009): Photographs of the Past. Process and Preservation. Los Angeles: Getty Publications.
Source: Coote, Jack H. (1993): The Illustrated History of Colour Photography. Surbiton, Surrey: Fountain Press.
Source: Pénichon, Sylvie (2013): Twentieth Century Colour Photographs. The Complete Guide to Processes, Identification & Preservation. London, Los Angeles: Thames & Hudson, p. 19.
Source: Pénichon, Sylvie (2013): Twentieth Century Colour Photographs. The Complete Guide to Processes, Identification & Preservation. London, Los Angeles: Thames & Hudson, p. 235.

5 Images

Crosene Process

1935

|

Gabriel G. Moreno (Crosene Corp.)

Additive 4 color: Bi-pack, substandard

Access detailed information ›

Jos-Pé

1924

|

G. Koppmann

Subtractive 3 color: dye imbibition process, still photography

“Invented by G. Koppmann and introduced in Hamburg in 1924 by the German financier Josef-Peter Welker, from whom the product took its name (Wall and Jordan 1940: 330), Jos-Pé was a complete color system that included a one-exposure camera, ...

Access detailed information ›

Pénichon, Sylvie (2013): Twentieth Century Colour Photographs. The Complete Guide to Processes, Identification & Preservation. London, Los Angeles: Thames & Hudson, p. 135.

1 Image

Fujifilm integral films

1981–

|

Fujifilm Corporation

Subtractive 3 color: dye diffusion process, still photography

“The chemistry and structure layer of Fuji FI-10 integral film were very similar to those of Kodak PR-10, with the film being exposed on one side and viewed on the opposite side. However, its layers were much thinner than those of Kodak and ...

Access detailed information ›

Pénichon, Sylvie (2013): Twentieth Century Colour Photographs. The Complete Guide to Processes, Identification & Preservation. London, Los Angeles: Thames & Hudson, p. 245.

1 Image

Fujifilm peel-apart films

1984 –

|

Fujifilm Corporation

Subtractive 3 color: dye diffusion process, still photography

“The company also launched its first peel-apart color print films, Fuji FP-100 and Fuji FP-800, which were compatible with Polaroid cameras and camera backs. The image formation of the new peel-apart films was similar to that of Fuji integral ...

Access detailed information ›

Fujichrome

1972–

|

Fujifilm Corporation

|

Japan

Subtractive 3 color: chromogenic monopack reversal

Fujichrome is the collective brand name for colour reversal films produced by the Fujifilm Corporation. The brand was also used for Single 8 film, the production of which ceased in 2019. The launch of “Fujicolor Reversal Film” (with an ...

Access detailed information ›

Fujichrome 64T Type II Professional [RTP II]

|

Fujifilm Corporation

|

Japan

Subtractive 3 color: chromogenic monopack, reversal, 35 mm

Fujichrome 64T Type II Professional [RTP II] is a tungsten-type color reversal film with a speed of ISO 64 by the Fujifilm Corporation. It is no longer in production.

Access detailed information ›

Fujifilm: Data Sheet, Color Reversal Films. Fujichrome 64T Type II Professional [RTP II] (AF3-024E), p. 6.

1 Image

Fujichrome Provia 100F Professional [RDP III]

2000

|

Fujifilm Corporation

|

Japan

Subtractive 3 color: chromogenic monopack, reversal, 35 mm

Fujichrome Provia 100F Professional (RDP III) is a daylight-type, ISO 100–color reversal film with an RMS granularity value of 8 produced by the Fujifilm Corporation. It is the successor to Fujichrome Provia 100.

Access detailed information ›

Fujifilm: Data Sheet, Color Reversal Films. Fujichrome Provia 100F Professional [RDP III] (AF3-036E), p. 6.

1 Image

Fujichrome Provia 400F Professional [RHP III]

2000

|

Fujifilm Corporation

|

Japan

Subtractive 3 color: chromogenic monopack, reversal, 35 mm

Fujichrome Provia 400F Professional (RHP III) is an ISO 400 daylight color reversal film manufactured by the Fujifilm Corporation. It is the successor to Fujichrome Provia 400 (RHP II) and the predecessor to Fujichrome Provia 400X.

Access detailed information ›

Fujifilm: Data Sheet, Color Reversal Films. Fujichrome Provia 400F Professional [RHP III] (AF3-066E), p. 6.

1 Image

Fujichrome Sensia 200 [RM]

1994

|

Fujifilm Corporation

|

Japan

Subtractive 3 color: chromogenic monopack, reversal, 35 mm

Fujichrome Sensia 200 RM is a daylight ISO 200 color reversal film produced by the Fujifilm Corporation. Production of the Sensia series ceased in 2011 with the discontinuation of the Sensia III 100.

Access detailed information ›

Fujifilm: Data Sheet, Color Reversal Films. Fujichrome Sensia 200 [RM] (AF3-080E), p. 5.

1 Image

Fujichrome Sensia 400 [RH]

1994

|

Fujifilm Corporation

|

Japan

Subtractive 3 color: chromogenic monopack, reversal, 35 mm

Fujichrome Sensia 400 [RH] is a daylight reversal film with a sensitivity of ISO 400 by the Fujifilm Corporation. Production of the Sensia series ceased in 2011 with the discontinuation of the Sensia III 100.

Access detailed information ›

Fujifilm: Data Sheet, Color Reversal Films. Fujichrome Sensia 400 [RH] (AF3-081E), p. 5.

1 Image

Fujichrome Velvia 100F Professional [RVP 100F]

2003

|

Fujifilm Corporation

|

Japan

Subtractive 3 color: chromogenic monopack, reversal, 35 mm

Fujichrome Velvia 100F Professional [RVP 100F] is a daylight-type color reversal film with an ISO speed of 100 by Fujifilm Corporation intended for professional use. It has an RMS granularity value of 8. It is no longer in production.

Access detailed information ›

Fujifilm: Product Information Bulletin, Color Reversal Films. Fujichrome Velvia 100F Professional [RVP 100F] (AF3-148E), p. 8.

1 Image

Fujichrome Astia 100F Professional [RAP 100F]

2003

|

Fujifilm Corporation

|

Japan

Subtractive 3 color: chromogenic monopack, reversal, 35 mm

Fujichrome Astia 100F Professional [RAP 100F] is a daylight-type color reversal film with an ISO speed of 100 by the Fujifilm Corporation intended for professional use. It was the final product in the Astia series, with production ending in March ...

Access detailed information ›

Fujifilm: Product Information Bulletin, Color Reversal Films. Fujichrome Astia 100F Professional [RAP 100F] (AF3-149E), p. 8.

1 Image

Fujichrome Sensia 100 [RA]

1994

|

Fujifilm Corporation

|

Japan

Subtractive 3 color: chromogenic monopack, reversal, 35 mm

Fujichrome Sensia 100 [RA] is a daylight-type color reversal film with an ISO speed of 100 by the Fujifilm Corporation. It has an RMS granularity value of 8. Production of the Sensia series ceased in 2011 with the discontinuation of the Sensia III ...

Access detailed information ›

Fujifilm: Product Information Bulletin, Color Reversal Films. Fujichrome Sensia 100 [RA] (AF3-150E), p. 6.

1 Image

Fujichrome T64 Professional [RTP]

2005

|

Fujifilm Corporation

|

Japan

Subtractive 3 color: chromogenic monopack, reversal, 35 mm

Fujichrome T64 Professional [RTP] is an ISO 64 tungsten-type color reversal film produced by the Fujifilm Corporation. It is the successor of Fujichrome 64 Professional T.

Access detailed information ›

Fujifilm: Product Information Bulletin, Color Reversal Films, Fujichrome T64 Professional [RTP] (AF3-178E), p. 7.

1 Image

Fujichrome Provia 400X Professional [RXP]

2006

|

Fujifilm Corporation

|

Japan

Subtractive 3 color: chromogenic monopack, reversal, 35 mm

Fujichrome Provia 400X Professional [RXP] is a daylight-type color reversal film with an ISO sensitivity of 400 by the Fujifilm Corporation. It is the successor of Fujichrome Provia 400F (RHP III).

Access detailed information ›

Fujifilm: Product Information Bulletin, Color Reversal Films. Fujichrome Provia 400X Professional [RXP] (AF3-0213E), p. 7.
Cross sections of Fujichrome Provia 400X unprocessed, f4, 50x, ws-scaled, from early 2000s. Credit: Joana Santos Lima da Silva.
Cross sections of Fujichrome Provia 400X unprocessed, f4, 20x-scaled, from early 2000s. Credit: Joana Santos Lima da Silva.
Cross sections of Fujichrome Provia 400X processed, f4, 50x-scaled, from early 2000s. Credit: Joana Santos Lima da Silva.
Cross sections of Fujichrome Provia 400X processed, f4, 20x-scaled, from early 2000s. Credit: Joana Santos Lima da Silva.

5 Images

Fujichrome Velvia 50 Professional [RVP 50]

2007–

|

Fujifilm Corporation

|

Japan

Subtractive 3 color: chromogenic monopack, reversal, 35 mm

Fujichrome Velvia 50 Professional [RVP 50] is a daylight-type color reversal film with a speed of ISO 50 by the Fujifilm Corporation for professional use. It is the successor to Fujichrome Velvia, which was discontinued in February 2006.

Access detailed information ›

Fujifilm: Product Information Bulletin, Color Reversal Films. Fujichrome Velvia 50 Professional [RVP50] (AF3-0221E2), p. 8.

1 Image

Fujichrome Velvia 100 Professional [RVP 100]

2003

|

Fujifilm Corporation

|

Japan

Subtractive 3 color: chromogenic monopack, reversal, 35 mm

Fujichrome Velvia 100 Professional [RVP 100] is a daylight-type color reversal film with an ISO speed of 100 produced by the Fujifilm Corporation. Its RMS granularity value is 8.

Access detailed information ›

1 Image

Fujichrome Provia 100 Professional [RDP II]

1994

|

Fujifilm Corporation

|

Japan

Subtractive 3 color: chromogenic monopack, reversal, 35 mm

Fujichrome Provia 100 Professional [RDP II] is a daylight-type, ISO 100 color reversal film produced by the Fujifilm Corporation. It succeeded the Fujichrome 100 Professional D [RDP], released in March 1983. Its successor is Fujichrome Provia 100F ...

Access detailed information ›

Fujifilm: Data Sheet, Color Reversal Films. Fujichrome Provia 100 Professional [RDP II] (AF3-796E), p. 6.

1 Image

Fujichrome Provia 1600 Professional [RSP]

1994

|

Fujifilm Corporation

|

Japan

Subtractive 3 color: chromogenic monopack, reversal, 35 mm

Fujichrome Provia 1600 Professional [RSP] is a daylight-type color reversal film by the Fujifilm Corporation, designed exclusively for push-processing, with a nominal speed of ISO 1600. It is intended for effective speeds of EI 1600 and EI 3200. It ...

Access detailed information ›

Fujifilm: Data Sheet, Color Reversal Films. Fujichrome Provia 1600 Professional [RSP] (AF3-798E), p. 6

1 Image

Fujichrome Velvia RVP for Professionals

1990

|

Fujifilm Corporation

|

Japan

Subtractive 3 color: chromogenic monopack, reversal, 35 mm

Fujichrome Velvia [RVP] is a daylight-type color reversal film with a speed of ISO 50 by the Fujifilm Corporation. Its successor is Fujichrome Velvia 50, which was released in March 2007.

Access detailed information ›

Fujifilm: Data Sheet, Color Reversal Films. Fujichrome Velvia RVP for Professionals (AF3-960E), p. 7.

1 Image

Fujichrome MS 100/1000 Professional [RMS]

1998

|

Fujifilm Corporation

|

Japan

Subtractive 3 color: chromogenic monopack, reversal, 35 mm

Fujichrome MS 100/1000 Professional [RMS] is a multi-speed daylight-type color reversal film by the Fujifilm Corporation for professional use. It is usable at its normal rating of EI 100 as well as push-processed up to EI 1000 (+3 1/3 stops). It is ...

Access detailed information ›

Fujifilm: Data Sheet, Color Reversal Films. Fujichrome MS 100/1000 Professional [RMS] (AF3-989E), p. 6.

1 Image

Fujicolor

1949

|

Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.

Subtractive 3 color: chromogenic monopack reversal (from 1949), negative/positive process (from 1955)

“The Fujicolor process is a three-color subtractive negative/positive process introduced in 1955 by the Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan. When the process was introduced it consisted of two elements that could be used singly or together. ...

Access detailed information ›

Don't Look Now (GBR / ITA 1973, Nicolas Roeg). Credit: BFI National Film Archive. Photographs of the faded Fujicolor HP Positive Film Type 8813 by Joëlle Kost, ERC Advanced Grant FilmColors.

141 Images in 7 Galleries

Lee and Turner

1899

|

Frederick Marshall Lee and Edward Raymond Turner

Additive 3 color: Rotary filter

“Frederick Marshall Lee, of Walton, and Edward Raymond Turner, of Hounslow, to whom is usually accorded the credit of achieving the first practical results in additive projection. Their experimental work was financed by Charles Urban, a ...

Access detailed information ›

„Their projector […] used three lenses and a special filter wheel which enabled every frame of the film to be projected three times in succession through the appropriate filter as it passed through the triple frame projector aperture. Although it eventually led to the Kinemacolor two colour process, the Lee and Turner patent was not successful“. Source: Coote, Jack H. (1993): The Illustrated History of Colour Photography. Surbiton, Surrey: Fountain Press.
"The First Color Moving Pictures", from the YouTube channel of the National Media Museum. [quote id="1"]
Lee Turner projector in the Media History Museum in Bradford.
„In 1899 Lee and Turner obtained a patent for a three colour process of cinematography requiring a single lens camera […] making a recurring sequence of red green and blue exposures through a rotating filter cum shutter“. Source: Coote, Jack H. (1993): The Illustrated History of Colour Photography. Surbiton, Surrey: Fountain Press.
„In 1899 Lee and Turner obtained a patent for a three colour process of cinematography requiring a single lens camera […] making a recurring sequence of red green and blue exposures through a rotating filter cum shutter“. Source: Coote, Jack H. (1993): The Illustrated History of Colour Photography. Surbiton, Surrey: Fountain Press.
„Their projector […] used three lenses and a special filter wheel which enabled every frame of the film to be projected three times in succession through the appropriate filter as it passed through the triple frame projector aperture. Although it eventually led to the Kinemacolor two colour process, the Lee and Turner patent was not successful“. Source: Coote, Jack H. (1993): The Illustrated History of Colour Photography. Surbiton, Surrey: Fountain Press.
National Media Museum, UK. Lee and Turner Colour Projector, 1902.
Source: Klein, Adrian Bernhard (Cornwell-Clyne) (1940): Colour Cinematography. Boston: American Photographic Pub. Co.
Illustration of the process from National Media Museum's short documentary.
38 mm positive of the Lee Turner film showing the three b/w images for the three color records. Credit: Brian Pritchard.

16 Images in 1 Gallery

Gilmore Color

1918

|

Frederic Eugene Ives and Otto C. Gilmore

Additive 2 color: Rotary filter

“Gilmore’s two-color additive process was based on a patent granted to F. E. Ives in 1918. A unique optical system exposed two images in pairs, and quarter-turned them lengthwise side by side on standard 35 mm film stock. One of the images was ...

Access detailed information ›

Source: U.S.P. 1,262,954 (Ives, Frederic Eugene; filed Feb. 18, 1914; granted Apr. 16, 1918)

1 Image

Hicrography / Hicrome

1915

|

Frederic Eugene Ives

Subtractive 3 color: dye imbibition process, still photography

“In 1915 the company launched a hybrid dye imbibition color printing system called Hicrography. From the separation negatives, positive impressions were made through the base on the presensitized dichromated film (Hicro Film), which also ...

Access detailed information ›

Pénichon, Sylvie (2013): Twentieth Century Colour Photographs. The Complete Guide to Processes, Identification & Preservation. London, Los Angeles: Thames & Hudson, p. 134.

1 Image

Polychrome

1932

|

Frederic Eugene Ives

Subtractive 3 color: dye mordanting and silver toning process, still photography

“In 1932 Frederic Eugene Ives published details of his Polychrome printing system for making three-color paper prints or transparencies from two separation negatives made through a red and a green-blue filter. The process, described by its ...

Access detailed information ›

Pénichon, Sylvie (2013): Twentieth Century Colour Photographs. The Complete Guide to Processes, Identification & Preservation. London, Los Angeles: Thames & Hudson, p. 281.

1 Image

Iriscolor

1940

|

Franz Noack, Georg Muschner, Gotthardt Wolf (MWN-group)

Subtractive 3 color: Beam-splitter camera, imbibition printing

Similar to Technicolor, the Iriscolor process needed a special beam-splitter camera for exposing three black-and-white negatives on Kodak film stock. These negatives were used for imbibition printing. Between 1940 and 1942, Tobis Tonbild-Syndikat AG ...

Access detailed information ›

Donisthorpe

1913

|

Frank Wordsworth Donisthorpe

|

England

Additive two color process: rotating filters and toning

The film is recorded through alternating red and green filters, creating two color separations. After development, the print is placed in two alternating dye-baths, toning the blacks green and the whites red. Additionally, a black-and-white copy is ...

Access detailed information ›

Chromatone

1935

|

Francis H. Snyder, Henry W. Rimbach, Defender Photo Supply Company

Subtractive 3 color: silver toning, still photography

“Chromatone was the first commercially viable process of color print making entirely based on silver toning. It was developed in the early 1930s by the New Yorkers Francis H. Snyder and Henry W. Rimbach, who patented the toning methods and ...

Access detailed information ›

Pénichon, Sylvie (2013): Twentieth Century Colour Photographs. The Complete Guide to Processes, Identification & Preservation. London, Los Angeles: Thames & Hudson, p. 282.
Pénichon, Sylvie (2013): Twentieth Century Colour Photographs. The Complete Guide to Processes, Identification & Preservation. London, Los Angeles: Thames & Hudson, p. 283.

2 Images

Procédé Colombier

1908

|

F. de Colombier

Subtractive 3 color: Tri-pack

“M. F. de Colombier appears to have been the first to suggest the application of this system to cinematography, and like so many French patents it is a little indefinite in phraseology. Three films were employed representing the same view and ...

Access detailed information ›

Dye Imbibition Process

1875

|

Ernest Edwards

Access detailed information ›

Pénichon, Sylvie (2013): Twentieth Century Colour Photographs. The Complete Guide to Processes, Identification & Preservation. London, Los Angeles: Thames & Hudson.

1 Image

Roncarolo

1932

|

Emilio Roncarolo

|

Italy

Subtractive 2, 3 or 4 color: Beam-splitter and bi-pack, later dye-transfer

The Roncarolo system required a camera capable of recording two panchromatic negatives (which became three or four in subsequent patents) through the use of a beam splitter and red and green filters. The chromatic information registered on the two or ...

Access detailed information ›

Wolff-Heide

1924

|

Emil Wolff-Heide

|

Germany

additive three-color: Integrated filters and rotary filter

Much like many other additive processes, the Wolff-Heide system was based on three black and white color separations printed consecutively on one film strip and projected through a rotary filter attached to the projector. However, the biggest ...

Access detailed information ›

Busch Farbenfilm

1926

|

Emil Busch (Busch, Rathenow)

|

Germany

Additive 2 color: Beam-splitter, red-green

Access detailed information ›

Credit: Gert Koshofer Collection. Photograph by Barbara Flueckiger.
Source: Klein, Adrian Bernhard (Cornwell-Clyne) (1940): Colour Cinematography. Boston: American Photographic Pub. Co.
Source: Eggert, John (1932): Kurzer Überblick über den Stand der Farbenkinematographie. Bericht über den VIII. Internationalen Kongress für wissenschaftliche und angewandte Photographie, Dresden 1931, pp. 214-222. Leipzig: J. A. Barth.

5 Images in 1 Gallery

Polacolor Instant Photography

1963

|

Edwin Land

Instant still photography

“Polacolor was commercialized in 1963 and became an immediate success. It was acclaimed as the ‘most outstanding single advance in photographic science made during this century’ (Crawley 1963). Indeed, Polacolor introduced important ...

Access detailed information ›

Source: Pénichon, Sylvie (2013): Twentieth Century Colour Photographs. The Complete Guide to Processes, Identification & Preservation. London, Los Angeles: Thames & Hudson, p. 235.
Source: Pénichon, Sylvie (2013): Twentieth Century Colour Photographs. The Complete Guide to Processes, Identification & Preservation. London, Los Angeles: Thames & Hudson, p. 235.
Source: Pénichon, Sylvie (2013): Twentieth Century Colour Photographs. The Complete Guide to Processes, Identification & Preservation. London, Los Angeles: Thames & Hudson, p. 235.
Source: Pénichon, Sylvie (2013): Twentieth Century Colour Photographs. The Complete Guide to Processes, Identification & Preservation. London, Los Angeles: Thames & Hudson, p. 258.

4 Images

Sanger-Shepherd

1900

|

Edward Sanger-Shepherd

Subtractive 3 color: dye imbibition process, still photography

“In 1900 Edward Sanger-Shepherd (ca. 1869−1927), a London scientific instrument maker, started to offer complete outfits for making natural color lantern slides with a dye imbibition printing method that became known as the Sanger-Shepherd ...

Access detailed information ›

Pénichon, Sylvie (2013): Twentieth Century Colour Photographs. The Complete Guide to Processes, Identification & Preservation. London, Los Angeles: Thames & Hudson, p. 128.
Pénichon, Sylvie (2013): Twentieth Century Colour Photographs. The Complete Guide to Processes, Identification & Preservation. London, Los Angeles: Thames & Hudson, p. 129.
Pénichon, Sylvie (2013): Twentieth Century Colour Photographs. The Complete Guide to Processes, Identification & Preservation. London, Los Angeles: Thames & Hudson, p. 130.

3 Images

Caille

1907

|

Edmond-Charles-Guislain Caille

|

France

Additive three-color: line screen, still photography and film

Process for still photography in which light is filtered through a screen or transparent plate covered in lines or dots in the primary colors orange, green and violet. For the positive, the process relies on a support material which includes an ...

Access detailed information ›

Eastman Ektachrome 7251

1981

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, high speed, color reversal, 16mm, daylight

Access detailed information ›

Eastman Color Print Film 5384 / 7384

1981

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Access detailed information ›

Eastman Color High Speed Negative Film 7292

1985

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Access detailed information ›

Eastman Color Print Film 5381 (1950)

1950

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Not to be confused with the Eastman Color Print Film 5381 / 7381 from 1970.

Access detailed information ›

Eastman Color Internegative Film 5243

1952

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Access detailed information ›

Eastman Color Internegative Film 5245

1953

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Access detailed information ›

Eastman Color Print Film 5382 / 7382

1953

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Access detailed information ›

Eastman Television Recording Film 5374 / 7374

1955

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Access detailed information ›

Eastman Reversal Color Print Film Type 5269 / 7387

1956

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, reversal

Eastman Kodak reversal film duplication stock for (semi)professional use. Replaced Type 5265. Type 7387 introduced in 1964 as improved version. Difficult to see the difference (BL).

Access detailed information ›

Eastman Color Internegative Film 5270 / 7270

1956

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Access detailed information ›

Eastman Color Intermedeate Film 5253

1956

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Access detailed information ›

Eastman Color Print Film 7383

1959

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Access detailed information ›

Eastman Color Print Film 5385 / 7385

1962

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Access detailed information ›

Eastman RP Negative Film 7229

1963

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Access detailed information ›

Eastman Reversal Print Film 7387

1964

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, reversal, 16 mm

Access detailed information ›

Eastman Color Print Film 5744

1967

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Access detailed information ›

Eastman Color Print Film 7380

1967

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, 16mm

Access detailed information ›

Eastman Direct MP Film 5360 / 7360

1968

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Access detailed information ›

Eastman Color Reversal Intermedeate Film 5249 / 7249

1968

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, reversal

Access detailed information ›

Eastman Color SP Print Film 5383 / 7383

1974

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Access detailed information ›

Eastman Color SP Low Contrast (minus 25%) Print Film 5738 / 7738

1977

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Access detailed information ›

Eastman Color LF Print Film 7378

1979

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, 16mm

Access detailed information ›

Eastman Color LFSP Film 7379

1979

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, 16mm

Access detailed information ›

Eastman Color II Negative, type 5247 / 7247 F

1980

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Access detailed information ›

Eastman Color II Internegative Film 5272 / 7272 S

1980

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Access detailed information ›

Eastman Color Negative Film 7291

1983

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, Tungsten, 100 ASA

Access detailed information ›

Eastman Color LC Print Film 5380 / 7380

1983

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Access detailed information ›

Eastman Fine Grain Release Positive Film 5302 / 7302

1988

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Access detailed information ›

Eastman EXR 100T Color Negative Film 7248

1989

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, 16mm

Access detailed information ›

Eastman EXR 50D Color Negative Film 5245 / 7245

1989

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Access detailed information ›

Eastman EXR 500T Color Negative Film 5296

1989

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Access detailed information ›

Eastman EXR 100T Color Negative Film 5248

1990

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, Tungsten, 100 ASA

Access detailed information ›

Eastman EXR 500T Color Negative Film 7296

1990

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, 16mm

Access detailed information ›

Eastman EXR Color Intermediate Film 5244 / 7244

1992

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Access detailed information ›

Eastman EXR 200T Color Negative Film 5293 / 7293

1992

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Access detailed information ›

Experimental Eastman Separation Film (5238)

1992

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Access detailed information ›

Eastman EXR Color Print Film 5386 / 7386

1993

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Access detailed information ›

Eastman Color LC Print Film 5385 / 7385

1993

|

Eastman Kodak Company

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Access detailed information ›

Film Colors

About

Search

Scan2Screen

Compare

Testimonials

Color Mania Book

News and Blog

Acknowledgements

Budget / Sponsors

Copyright Notice

Contact

Timeline

Donate

Search Modifiers