Gualtierotti or Cicona e Gualtierotti

Additive two-color: optical system, filters, 64mm negative.
Unlike other additive systems invented in previous years, Gualtierotti tried to avoid the phenomenon of chromatic aberration inherent in the use of multiple lenses or the creation of successive separation records. The proposed solution was based on ...

1 Image

Hand coloring

Applied colors: Manual application

Coloring of individual frames by the use of very fine brushes. The process was previously applied to lantern slides. Any water based translucent dye was suited for the process, most often the coloring was done with acid dyes.

310 Images in 19 Galleries

Handschiegl / DeMille-Wyckoff / Wyckoff Process

Applied color: Imbibition
Similar to stenciling, the Handschiegl process was applied mechanically to manually defined image parts. Therefore it is an applied color process. After the film was shot and edited, for each color applied a separate print was made. In contrast to ...

142 Images in 8 Galleries

Harmonicolor

Subtractive 2 color: Bi-pack, double-coated
“Harmonicoior was developed by French chemist Maurice Combes. It was first formally demonstrated in London by Harmonicoior Films Ltd, of 4 Great Winchester Street, on the 23 March 1936 at the Curzon Soho with the film Talking Hands, produced at ...

Harriscolor

Subtractive 2 color: Beam-splitter, single-coated
“Harriscolor In this method as in other methods of color photography, independent color value negatives are first obtained. The Harriscolor process can employ one of the following two methods: Either a camera wherein the dividing light prisms ...

3 Images

Hérault Trichrome

Additive 3 color: Alternately stained in red, green and blue
“The Hérault Trichrome process was demonstrated in Paris on 1 October 1926, with three films made by A. Rodde — a fashion show, a documentary on Brittany and a tableau of the Legend of the King of Ys. Hérault Trichrome was an extension of ...

12 Images in 1 Gallery

Hicrography / Hicrome

Subtractive 3 color: dye imbibition process, still photography
“In 1915 the company launched a hybrid dye imbibition color printing system called Hicrography.9 From the separation negatives, positive impressions were made through the base on the presensitized dichromated film (Hicro Film), which also ...

1 Image

Hillman Process

Additive 3 color: Rotary filter, mirror system with two lenses

3 Images

Hirlicolor

Subtractive 2 color: Bi-pack

2 Images

Horst

Additive 3 color: Beam-splitter, 65 mm negative

4 Images in 1 Gallery

Hydrotypie / Hydrotype

Subtractive 3 color: Dye transfer, still photography
“In the imbibition process, a dye image is transferred from a gelatin relief image to a receiving layer made either of paper or film. Charles Cros described this method of ‘hydrotypie’ transfer printing in 1880 and suggested it ...

Ilford Colour Print

Subtractive 3 color: dye destruction process, silver dye-bleach, still photography
“In November 1953 Ilford Limited of London launched a mail-order service to supply color prints from 35mm transparencies using Ilford Colour Print, a silver dye-bleach printing material on white-pigmented cellulose triacetate support (Fig. ...

1 Image

Indu Colour

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

2 Images

Iriscolor

Subtractive 3 color: Beam-splitter camera, imbibition printing
Similar to Technicolor, the Iriscolor process needed a special beam-splitter camera for exposing three black-and-white negatives on Kodak film stock. These negatives were used for imbibition printing. Between 1940 and 1942, Tobis Tonbild-Syndikat AG ...

Irix-Farbenfilm

Subtractive three-color process: imbibition
Three matrices in the subtractive primary colors are printed on the gelatin of the final print. Supposedly, the used dyes were particularly fast and able to prevent color bleeding. Pokorny started working on color cinematography in the 1920s, often ...

Isensee

Additive 3 color: Rotary filter
“The first patent that has been found was granted to H. Isensee and he placed in front of the lens, both in taking and projection, a rotary shutter with three 120 degrees sectors in the usual colors.” (Wall, E.J. (1925): The History of ...

2 Images

Johnsons Colour Screen

Additive 3 color: regular mosaic screen, separate system, still photography
“Johnsons Colour Screen (1953–ca. 1954): pattern virtually identical to Paget Color Screen, with lines of red and blue squares alternated with lines of green and blue squares, approximately 350 to the inch (Fig. 2.55). The lines are at a ...

1 Image

Joly

Additive 3 color: Line screen process, still photography
“In 1894 Professor John Joly of Dublin patented a process for producing a screen of red, green and blue-violet lines by ruling them on a gelatin-coated glass plate. Joly used ruling machines of great accuracy, with drawing pens trailed across ...

7 Images

Jos-Pé

Subtractive 3 color: dye imbibition process, still photography
“Invented by G. Koppmann and introduced in Hamburg in 1924 by the German financier Josef-Peter Welker, from whom the product took its name (Wall and Jordan 1940: 330), Jos-Pé was a complete color system that included a one-exposure camera, ...

1 Image

Jumeaux/Davidson

Additive 3 color: Prism

2 Images

Katachromie

Subtractive 3 color: Monopack silver dye-bleach, still photography
Karl Schinzel proposed a multi-layered monopack for still photography, based on the principle of the dye-bleach process which was later elaborated to a practical application with Gasparcolor.

Keller-Dorian

Additive 3 color: Lenticular screen

14 Images in 2 Galleries

Kelleycolor

Subtractive 2 color: Dye transfer
“In 1919 Kelley produced a series of coloured cartoons which were drawn by Pinto Colvig. In 1924 he introduced “Kelleycolor,” which was an imbibition process. Two colours were imbibed on a black-and-white key image. In 1926 he ...

1 Image

Kesdacolor

Subtractive 2 color: Line screen filter, duplitized film stock
”The process as illustrated in USP 1431309 was a two-color additive process, but it is stated that it could be a three- or four-color process. For the original photography, the negative was exposed through a line screen composed of alternate bands ...

1 Image

Kinemacolor

Additive 2 color: Rotary filter

Kinemacolor was an additive process operated with alternating red and green filters that were applied to the shutter in front of the camera and in front of the projector. With at least 32 fps the frame rate was double the minimal frame rate of 16 fps. Time parallax with small differences between the red and green record resulted in color fringes that became visible when objects or scenes were moving.

13 Images in 3 Galleries

Kingston Process

Additive three color process: rotary filters
Three black-and-white color separations were printed consecutively on one film strip and projected through the corresponding color filters, thus combining to one color image on screen.

Kislyn color

Additive 3 color: Lenticular screen

1 Image

Kodachrome

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, reversal, 8 and 16 mm

“In 1930 Mannes and Godowsky were invited to join the staff of the Kodak Research Laboratory, where they concentrated on methods of processing multilayer films, while their colleagues worked out ways of manufacturing them. The result was the new Kodachrome film, launched in 1935. Three very thin emulsion layers were coated on film base, the emulsions being sensitised with non-wandering dyes to red, green and blue light, the red-sensitive layer being at the bottom.” (Coe, Brian (1978): Colour Photography. The First Hundred Years 1840-1940. London: Ash & Grant, pp. 121 ff.)

92 Images in 6 Galleries

Kodachrome Color Reversal Film 5265

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, reversal, 16 mm
Duplicating stock for reversal film. Replaced Kodachrome duplicating stock type 5262. Contrary to its predecessor the new stock was not suited as camera material. Type 5265 could only be used for duplication.

Kodachrome Color Reversal Film Type 5262

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, reversal, 16 mm
Although Kodachrome 16mm reversal film was introduced as an amateur film format, rapidly after its introduction it became a format frequently used by (semi-)professional film makers. The reason was that Kodachrome was a relatively easy to use film ...

Kodachrome Commercial Type 5268

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, reversal, 16 mm
In 1946 Kodachrome Commercial camera film Type 5268 was introduced. This stock had a lower-contrast emulsion and became leading in the professional field until it was replaced by Ektachrome Commercial type 7255 in 1958. Both Commercial Kodachrome and ...

Kodachrome II

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, reversal, 16 mm, 25 to 40 ASA
Kodachrome II was introduced in 1961. It was the first film stock since 1936 that was specifically meant for amateur use. Eastman Kodak presented the material as superior to the ‘regular Kodachrome’. It supposedly had a higher speed of 25 ...

84 Images in 5 Galleries

Kodachrome Professional Film Type 5267

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, reversal, 16 mm 35mm?
Kodachrome Professional was introduced in 1942 to be used as camera material. It was the Kodachrome material that was blown up to 35mm Technicolor dye transfer prints, which was the Technicolor Monopack system. According to Norris Pope this material ...

Kodachrome Two-color 1915, after 1930 renamed Fox Nature Color

Subtractive 2 color process: Beam-splitter, double-coated film

The Kodachrome process was invented in 1913 by John G. Capstaff for still photography and subsequently adapted to motion pictures. For the process two frames were advanced simultaneously, one located above the other. The light passed either through two lenses or through a beam-splitter, fitted with red and green filters. The release print was exposed through a beam-splitter whereby the alternate frames were projected onto either side of double-coated stock. After development by a usual b/w process, the film was tanned to harden the exposed areas. The soft areas were dyed red-orange and blue-green respectively.

350 Images in 12 Galleries

Kodacolor / Keller-Dorian Color

Additive 3 color: Lenticular screen
“LENTICULAR PROCESS In 1896 R. E. Liesegang (Ahriman, 1896) suggested a photographic color process based upon the use of banded filters in the camera aperture. […] In 1909 R. Berthon (British Patent 10,611; see also Berthon, 1910a, b) ...

35 Images in 2 Galleries

Kodak Color Asset Protection Film 2332

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Kodak Dye Transfer

Subtractive 3 color: dye imbibition process, still photography
“Kodak Dye Transfer materials were introduced by Eastman Kodak Company in February 1946 and replaced Eastman Wash-Off Relief. Principal improvements over the previous material included a simplified registration procedure, more rapidly ...

1 Image

Kodak EXR Primetime 640T Teleproduction Film 5620 / 7620

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Kodak Panchromatic Separation Film 2238

Black and white panchromatic film: Three-color separation positives from color negatives

Kodak SFX 200T Color Negative Film

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, 35 mm

Kodak Vision "Expression" 500T Color Negative Film 5284 / 7284

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, Tungsten, 500 ASA

Kodak Vision 200T Color Negative Film 5274 / 7274

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, Tungsten, 200 ASA

Kodak Vision 250D Color Negative Film 5246 / 7246

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, daylight, 250 ASA

Kodak Vision 320T Color Negative Film 5277 / 7277 (Q)

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, Tungsten, 320 ASA

Kodak Vision 500T Color Negative Film 5263 / 7263

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, Tungsten, 500 ASA

Kodak Vision 500T Color Negative Film 5279 / 7279 (U)

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, Tungsten, 500 ASA

Kodak Vision 800T Color Negative Film 5289

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, Tungsten, 800 ASA

Kodak Vision 800T Color Negative Film 7289

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, 16mm, Tungsten, 800 ASA

Kodak Vision Color Intermediate Film 2242 / 3242

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Kodak Vision Color Intermediate Film 5242 / 7242

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Kodak Vision Color Print Film 2383

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Kodak Vision Color Teleprint Film 2395

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Kodak Vision Premiere Color Print Film 2393

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Kodak Vision2 "Expression" 500T Color Negative Film 5229 / 7229

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, Tungsten, 500 ASA

Kodak Vision2 "HD Color Scan Film" 500T Color Negative Film 5299 / 7299

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, Tungsten, 500 ASA

Kodak Vision2 100T Color Negative Film 5212 / 7212

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Kodak Vision2 200T Color Negative Film 5217 / 7217

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, 35 mm, 16 mm, 8 mm, Tungsten, 200 ASA

Kodak Vision2 250D Color Negative Film 5205 / 7205

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, daylight, 250 ASA

Kodak Vision2 500T Color Negative Film 5218 / 7218

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, 35 mm, 16 mm, 8 mm, Tungsten, 500 ASA

Kodak Vision2 500T Color Negative Film 5260

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, Tungsten, 500 ASA

Kodak Vision2 50D Color Negative Film 5201 / 7201

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, daylight, 50 ASA

Kodak Vision3 250D Color Negative Film 5207 / 7207

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, daylight, 250 ASA

Kodak Vision3 500T Color Negative Film 5219 / 7219

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, Tungsten, 500 ASA

Kodak Vision3 50D Color Negative Film 5203 / 7203

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, daylight, 50 ASA

Kodak Vision3 Color Digital Intermediate Film 5254 / 2254

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Konicolor

Subtractive 3 color

“The Konicolor system, introduced by Konishiroku Shashin Kogyo (Now Konica Minolta Holdings, Inc.), split the image into three colors and shot them separately onto three b&w films. In that sense it had something in common with the US ‘Technicolor system’, but this was not a contact print with color dye to create positive film, but used coated emulsion to develop each color in a triple process, which is peculiar. […].”

Krayn

Additive 3 color: Line screen and mosaic, still photography
“Another method of producing a line screen was patented in 1904 by the German Robert Krayn, and was demonstrated by him in November 1907. Krayn stained very thin celluloid sheets red, green and blue, and cemented them interleaved to form a thick ...

7 Images

Kwik-Print

Subtractive 3 color: pigment process, still photography
“In 1977 Light Impressions Corporation of Rochester, New York, introduced Kwik-Print, a contact speed color printing material. This was a modification of the Kwik-Proof graphic arts proofing system made by Direct Reproductions Corporation of ...

1 Image

Lascelles Davidson

Additive 3 color: Rotary filter
“Apparently, associated with W. Friese-Greene, in the same year, Captain William Norman Lascelles-Davidson, also of Brighton, patented a triple lens motion picture camera (E.P. 23,863, 1898). The colour filters revolved either behind the lenses, ...

1 Image

Lee and Turner

Additive 3 color: Rotary filter
“Frederick Marshall Lee, of Walton, and Edward Raymond Turner, of Hounslow, to whom is usually accorded the credit of achieving the first practical results in additive projection. Their experimental work was financed by Charles Urban, a ...

16 Images in 1 Gallery

Lenticular Screen

Additive 3 color: Lenticular screen
“Every element of a cross-lined screen acts as a pinhole camera, and reproduces an image of the aperture of the objective in whose rear focal plane it is placed. Thus, when using a square stop, the dots in the halftone produced will be square ...

4 Images

Lignose Naturfarbenfilm

Additive 3 color: Mosaic screen

2 Images

Lippmann

Direct color photography: Interference, still photography
“In 1891, Professor Gabriel Lippmann demonstrated to the French Académie des Sciences interference colour photographs of the spectrum and of stained glass windows, taken by a modification of Wiener’s method. An exceedingly fine grained, ...

5 Images

Lumière Alticolor

Additive 3 color: mosaic screen, combined system, still photography
“Lumière Alticolor (1952–1955): rolls and pack films on celluloid base. Alticolor starch grains are smaller but of less regular shape than those used in Filmcolor (Fig. 2.74). There are no black pigment particles; therefore, Alticolor ...

1 Image

Lumière Filmcolor

Additive 3 color: mosaic screen, combined system, still photography
“Lumière Filmcolor (1931–1953): sheet films (only) on celluloid base (Fig. 2.69). Individual colored grains cannot be seen with the naked eye, but clumps of grains of the same color give the image a pointillist effect. Filmcolor starch ...

1 Image

Lumière Lumicolor

Additive 3 color: mosaic screen, combined system, still photography
“Lumière Lumicolor (1933–1953): rolls and pack films on celluloid base. Individual colored grains cannot be seen with the naked eye, but clumps of grains of the same color give the image a pointillist effect (Fig. 2.71). Starch grains ...

1 Image

Magnachrome

Additive 2 color: Bi-pack, half-size

Magnacolor

Subtractive 2 color: Bi-pack, double-coated
“An American two-colour subtractive process still worked by the Consolidated Film Industries division of Republic Pictures Corporation. This concern was licensed by the owners of the “Prizma” patents, which it will be remembered was ...

23 Images in 2 Galleries

McDonough Color Screen

Additive 3 color: line screen, separate system, still photography
“McDonough Color Screen (1897–1900): sequence of red, yellow-green, and blue continuous lines (Fig. 2.49). Lines are thinner (approximate width 0.08 mm) and sharper than those of the Joly screen but are still visible with the naked eye or a ...

2 Images

Minicolor

Subtractive 3 color: dye coupling or chromogenic process, still photography
“In 1941 Kodak introduced a printing service for wallet-size Minicolor prints on a white opaque support of pigmented acetate made from 35mm transparencies (Fig. 5.6). A similar product called Kotavachrome was designed for larger prints made ...

1 Image

Mondiacolor

Additive 3 color: Mosaic screen

Monopack stripping

Subtractive 3 color: Monopack, stripping, still photography
“To offset the possible effects of poor contact between the various members of the tripack, J. H. Smith coated the emulsions directly one on top of the other, but with an insulating layer of collodion between them. In this manner there was ...

1 Image

Mordant toning / dye toning

Applied colors: Silver replacement by mordanting
Mordant toning or dye toning is a special case of toning whereby the silver image is replaced by colored compounds. Soluble dyes attach to a colorless (silver ferrocyanide) or nearly colorless (silver iodide) silver salt obtained by bleaching. Dye ...

171 Images in 7 Galleries

Morgana Process

Additive 2 color: Alternating filters, 16 mm

1 Image

Moviechrome

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, reversal, 16 mm

Mroz Farbenfilm

Additive 2 color: Alternately stained images, 9.5 and possibly 16 mm

1 Image

Multicolor

Subtractive 2 color: Bi-pack, duplitized
“In the Multicolor (two-color) subtractive process, two negative films are run simultaneously through any standard camera with their emulsion surfaces in contact. The front negative is orthochromatic, with the surface layer dyed orange-red to ...

72 Images in 6 Galleries

N.P.G.

Subtractive 3 color: pigment process, still photography
“In 1902 Robert Krayn of Berlin described and patented his Naturfarben-Photographie System, a carbon printing system that was commercially introduced around 1905 by the German manufacturer of photographic paper Neue Photographische ...

1 Image

New Agfa Color Plate

Additive 3 color: mosaic screen, combined system, still photography
“New Agfa Color Plate (1923–1932): colored particles very small and not visible to the naked eye, but clumps of particles of the same color give the image a pointillist effect (Fig. 2.62). Unlike with the autochromes, in which the grains ...

1 Image

Omnicolore

Additive 3 color: regular mosaic screen, still photography
“To produce the Omnicolore color screen, a sheet of glass was coated with a layer of gelatin on which lines of greasy blue-violet ink were ruled. The space between the lines was dyed yellow. Lines of greasy light blue ink were then ruled at ...

2 Images

Opticolor

Additive 3 color: Lenticular screen

Orthochromatic stock

b/w photography: Orthochromatic b/w stock
“In 1873 Dr Vogel discovered that by adding dyes to the sensitive material, its sensitivity could be extended, so that it would record green as well as blue. The new ‘orthochromatic’ plates were available commercially from 1882. The ...

2 Images

Orwochrom

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack, reversal, 16 mm

84 Images in 3 Galleries

Orwocolor

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

1026 Images in 27 Galleries

Orwocolor NC 1

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Orwocolor NC 3

Subtractive 3 color: Chromogenic monopack

Ozobrome 1905–ca. 1910, after 1913 renamed Raydex

Subtractive 3 color: pigment process, still photography
“In 1905 Thomas Manly (d. 1932) of London introduced the Ozobrome process,21 which was a modification of his earlier Ozotype, patented in 1898.22 The process was based on a carbon printing method proposed in 1873 by Auguste Marion (1835–1917) ...

1 Image

Ozotype

Subtractive 3 color: pigment process, still photography